Santali Grammar: Learn The Fundamentals of Santali Grammar

Part-1 Santali Primary Grammar ( ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱨᱚᱱᱚᱲ)

Learn the santali grammar  Sentences, Parts of speech, Gender, Number, Tense in santali.

 ᱨᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ?

ᱨᱚᱲ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟ.ᱱ ᱟ.ᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱜᱮ ᱨᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾

ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱟ.ᱭᱟ.ᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱟ.ᱰᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱱᱮᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱮ ᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱫ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱣ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱱᱮᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱜᱟᱱ.ᱠᱷᱩᱲᱤᱭᱟ. ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟ ᱦᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱱᱮᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱟᱠᱠᱷᱚᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱜ ᱟ.ᱭᱟ.ᱛ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾

ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ “ᱚᱞ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ” ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱯᱮ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ (35) ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱠᱠᱷᱚᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱛᱮᱫᱚ ᱯᱮ ᱦᱟ.ᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟ.ᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ,ᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ, ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱩᱰᱟ.ᱜ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ᱾

Types Of Ol Chiki: According to Santali grammar Ol Chiki Letters are firstly devided  in two types. They are Arang Chikiᱼ ᱚ, ᱛ, ᱜ ,ᱝ ,ᱞ, ᱟ,ᱠ,ᱡ,ᱢ,ᱣ,ᱤ,ᱥ,ᱦ,ᱧ,ᱨ,ᱩ, ᱪ,ᱫ,ᱬ,ᱭ,ᱮ,ᱯ,ᱰ,ᱱ,ᱲ,ᱳ,ᱴ,ᱵ,ᱶ,ᱷ (ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ)  and Tudag Chiki - ᱸ  ᱹ  ᱻ  - ᱽ (ᱴᱩᱰᱟ.ᱜ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ).

There after Arang Chiki(ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ) are divided in two types, that is Raha Arang(ᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ)- ᱚ,ᱟ,ᱤ,ᱩ,ᱮ,ᱳ and Kechedh Arang(ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ)ᱼᱛ,ᱜ,ᱝ,ᱞ,ᱠ,ᱡ,ᱢ,ᱣ,ᱥ,ᱦ,ᱧ,ᱨ,ᱪ,ᱫ,ᱬ,ᱭ,ᱯ,ᱰ,ᱱ,ᱲ,ᱴ,ᱵ,ᱶ,ᱷ.
Again Kechedh Arang(ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ) are divideded in four types, that is Parharh Keched Arang(ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱲ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ), Rarang Kechedh Arang(ᱨᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ), Tapug Keched Arange(ᱛᱟ.ᱯᱩᱜ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ) and Jetledh Kechedh Arang (ᱡᱮᱛᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱛ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ).

                    ᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ        ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ

                           ᱚ                      ᱛ  ᱜ  ᱝ   ᱞ

                           ᱟ                      ᱠ   ᱡ  ᱢ   ᱣ

                           ᱤ                      ᱥ   ᱦ  ᱧ   ᱨ

                           ᱩ                      ᱪ   ᱫ  ᱬ   ᱭ

                           ᱮ                      ᱯ   ᱰ  ᱱ   ᱲ

                            ᱳ                     ᱴ   ᱵ  ᱶ  ᱷ

ᱴᱩᱰᱟ.ᱜ.ᱜ ᱪᱤᱠᱤᱺ- ᱸ . ᱻ - ᱽ

ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱩᱰᱟ.ᱜ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱚᱸᱜᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱜ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ.ᱭ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ-ᱟ᱾ ᱴᱩᱰᱟ.ᱜ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱩᱰᱟ.ᱜ(ᱸ) ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱡ ᱢᱩ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱰᱮ ᱦᱚᱪᱚᱭ ᱞᱟ.ᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱣᱦᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱜᱟᱱ.ᱦᱟ.ᱞᱟ. ᱴᱩᱰᱟ. (ᱹ) ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱟᱱ.ᱦᱟ.ᱞᱟ. ᱦᱚᱪᱚᱭ ᱞᱟᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱣᱦᱟᱨᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾ (ᱻ) ᱨᱮᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟ.ᱟᱲᱟ. ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱛ ᱵᱮᱣᱦᱟᱨᱚᱜ- ᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱠᱟ (ᱼ) ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱟᱠ- ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱦᱚᱫ (ᱽ) ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟ‌ᱯᱩᱜ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟ. ᱯᱩᱨᱤ ᱨᱩᱯ- ᱮ ᱮᱢᱦᱟ ᱟᱠᱚᱭᱟ᱾

ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟ.ᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚ

ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚ ᱯᱩᱱ (4) ᱦᱟ.ᱴᱤᱞ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱲ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ , ᱨᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ, ᱛᱟ.ᱯᱩᱜ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱛᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ᱾

      ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱲ      ᱛᱟᱯᱩᱜ     ᱨᱟᱲᱟᱝ        ᱡᱮᱛᱞᱮᱫ

            ᱛ                 ᱜ                 ᱝ                   ᱞ

            ᱠ                  ᱡ                 ᱢ                   ᱣ

            ᱥ                  ᱦ                ᱧ                    ᱨ

           ᱪ                   ᱫ                ᱬ                   ᱭ

           ᱯ                   ᱰ                ᱱ                   ᱲ

           ᱴ                   ᱵ               ᱶ                   ᱷ

ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱤᱥ ᱦᱟ.ᱴᱤᱧ (Parts Of Speech)

ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱟ.ᱭᱟ.ᱛ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱼ ᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱭᱼ ᱟ, ᱩᱱ ᱡᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱟᱵᱚ ᱟ.ᱰᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟ.ᱭᱟ.ᱛ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱣᱦᱟᱨᱼ ᱟ᱾ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢᱟᱜ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱠᱚᱜᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱫᱼ ᱮ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱣ ᱦᱚᱪᱚᱭᱟ᱾ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ- ᱠᱟᱱᱴᱷᱟᱲ ᱵᱮᱞᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱷᱟᱬ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱚ-ᱣᱟ, ᱫᱟ.ᱭᱠᱟ‌. ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱟ.ᱭᱟ.ᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱴᱷᱟᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱣ.ᱣ ᱦᱚᱪᱚᱭᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱮᱞᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱫᱷᱟᱬ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱮᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱴᱷᱟᱲ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱛᱮᱫ- ᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱥᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱠᱤ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱛᱮᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱟ.ᱭᱟ‌ᱛ ᱯᱩᱨᱟ.ᱣ ᱞᱟ.ᱜᱤᱫ- ᱮ ᱠᱟ.ᱢᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ ᱟ.ᱭᱟ.ᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱠᱚᱜᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱤᱥ ᱦᱟ.ᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾

ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ

ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱨᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱯᱟᱨᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱮ (᱙) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱼ ᱟ ᱾

᱑ᱹᱧᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱤᱥ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ.(Noun) ᱺ- ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱢᱩᱨᱟ.ᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟ.ᱣ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ- ᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱫᱚ ᱧᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱤᱥ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱵᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼ ᱟ᱾ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟᱼ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱱᱟ.ᱭ, ᱥᱤᱲᱟ. ᱵᱟᱝ.ᱭ, ᱪᱟᱸᱫ,ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱨᱳ, ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ, ᱡᱷᱟᱲᱠᱷᱚᱱᱰ, ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ᱾

In grammar nouns make up the largest class of words in most languages, including Santali. A noun is a word that refers to a thing, a person, an animal, a place, a quality, an idea, or an action. 

᱒ᱹᱩᱧᱩᱢ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱤᱥ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ.(Pronoun)ᱺ- ᱧᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱤᱥ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱣᱦᱟᱨᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱩᱧᱩᱢ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱤᱥ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟᱼ ᱟᱢ,ᱩᱱᱤ, ᱳᱱᱠᱳ, ᱚᱱᱠᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱮᱢᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ᱾

A pronoun is a word that is used instead of a noun or noun phrase. Pronouns refer to either a noun that has already been mentioned or to a noun that does not need to be named specifically. 

᱓ᱹᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱤᱥ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. (Verb)ᱺ- ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱢᱩᱨᱟ.ᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟ.ᱢᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱵᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟᱼ ᱡᱚᱢ, ᱧᱩ, ᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ, ᱨᱟᱜ, ᱞᱟᱸᱫᱟ ᱮᱢᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ᱾

A verb is a word that describes what the subject of a sentence is doing. Verbs can indicate (physical or mental) actions, occurrences, and states of being. Examples: Verbs in a sentence Umul is reading the book.

᱔ᱹᱜᱩᱱᱩᱱ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱤᱥ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. (Adjective)ᱺ- ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱥᱮ ᱩᱧᱩᱢ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟ.ᱣ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱤᱥ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟᱼ ᱦᱮᱲᱮᱢ, ᱠᱟᱥᱟ, ᱪᱚᱨᱚᱠ, ᱫᱤᱠᱷᱳ.ᱲ, ᱥᱚᱛ, ᱚᱥᱚᱛ, ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ, ᱯᱳᱸᱰ ᱮᱢᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ᱾

An adjective is a word that describes a noun or pronoun's qualities. Adjectives can be used to describe the qualities of someone or something independently or in comparison to something else. Examples: Umul is very good at typing.

᱕.ᱛᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱤᱥ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ.(Adverb)ᱺ- ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱢᱩᱨᱟ.ᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟ.ᱢᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱲ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱯᱷᱳᱴᱮᱞ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵᱚᱜ-ᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱛᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱵᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟᱼ ᱵᱟ.ᱭ ᱵᱟ.ᱭ ᱛᱮ, ᱞᱮᱜᱮᱢ, ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ , ᱵᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱮᱢᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ᱾

An adverb is a word that describes the adjective of of verb. Example: Umul is typing so fast. 

᱖.ᱛᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱤᱥ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ.(Preposition)ᱺ- ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱠᱷᱟ.ᱛᱤᱨ ᱟ.ᱭᱟ.ᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱠᱚ ᱛᱚᱸᱜᱮ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼ ᱟ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱛᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱤᱥ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱵᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ- ᱟ᱾ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟᱼ ᱟᱨ, ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ, ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ᱾

A preposition is a word or group of words used to link nouns, pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence. 

᱗.ᱜᱟ.ᱱᱟ‌.ᱴ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱤᱥ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ.(Conjunction)ᱺ- ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱢᱩᱨᱟ.ᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱛᱮ ᱟ.ᱭᱟ.ᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱛᱚᱞ ᱢᱤᱫᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱱ.ᱱᱟ.ᱴ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱵᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ- ᱨᱮ,ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ, ᱛᱮ, ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱜ, ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ᱨᱮᱱ, ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱮᱢᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ᱾

A conjunction is a word that is used to connect words, phrases, and clauses. 

᱘.ᱦᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱤᱥ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ.(Interjection)ᱺ- ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱟᱵ ᱥᱮ ᱟ.ᱭᱠᱟᱣ ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱷᱳᱴᱮᱞ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱚᱱᱟᱠᱚ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱵᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟᱼ ᱦᱳᱭ, ᱵᱟᱝ, ᱚᱦᱟᱭ, ᱦᱚᱸᱜᱮ, ᱵᱟᱝ ᱜᱮ, ᱫᱮᱞᱟ ᱥᱮ, ᱟᱞᱚᱥᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ᱾

An interjection is a word that is grammatically independent from the words around it, and mainly expresses feeling rather than meaning. 

᱙.ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱫ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱤᱥ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ.ᱺ- ᱥᱟ.ᱱᱛᱟᱱᱤ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱢᱩᱨᱟ.ᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱫᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱤᱡᱮ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱫ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱟ.ᱭᱠᱟᱣᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱫ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ-ᱟ, ᱱᱚᱝ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱠᱚᱜᱮ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱫ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱵᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ- ᱫᱚ, ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ, ᱮᱱᱛᱮ, ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ, ᱞᱮᱱ, ᱮᱱ, ᱪᱚ, ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱮᱢᱟᱱᱟᱜ- ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱠᱚ᱾

Jened is a extra pharse for santali grammar. In santali language some sentences have words but that dose not mean anything. Also without those words sentences are incomplete, that type of pharse Called jened in Santali grammar. 

ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ (GENDER )

ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱪᱷᱱᱟ.ᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ- ᱟ, ᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱭ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱟᱱ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱤᱱ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱟᱱ , ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ, ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱯᱟᱧᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱨᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱦᱟ.ᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱟ.ᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱣ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟ.ᱴᱤᱧ‌ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ, ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ, ᱦᱟ.ᱛ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟ.ᱛ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ᱾

ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ (MASCULINE):- ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱛᱮᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚᱠᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟ.ᱵᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ- ᱠᱚᱲᱟ, ᱥᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱺᱰᱤ, ᱢᱮᱨᱚᱢ ᱵᱚᱫᱟ,

ᱵᱟ.ᱝᱨᱤ, ᱠᱟᱲᱟ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱤᱭᱟ.ᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ᱾

ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ(FEMININE):- ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱢᱩᱨᱟ.ᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟ.ᱵᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ- ᱠᱩᱲᱤ, ᱥᱤᱢ ᱠᱟᱞᱚᱴ, ᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱢᱮᱨᱚᱢ , ᱜᱟ.ᱭ ᱮᱢᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ.᱾

ᱦᱟ.ᱛ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ (NEUTER):- ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱢᱩᱨᱟ.ᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱱ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟ.ᱵᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟ.ᱛ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱵᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ- ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱞ, ᱜᱟᱰᱟ, ᱱᱟ.ᱭ, ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ, ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ, ᱦᱚᱭ ᱮᱢᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ᱾ 

ᱡᱟ.ᱛ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ (COMMON):- ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱣ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟ.ᱛ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱵᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ- ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟ., ᱥᱤᱢ ᱦᱟᱯᱚᱱ, ᱦᱚᱲ , ᱫᱤᱠᱩ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱠᱚ᱾ 

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ᱱᱟᱝ( TENSE)

ᱱᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱚᱛᱚ᱾ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱨᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱝ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱛᱮᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱣ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ ᱞᱮ-ᱞᱮᱭᱤᱡ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱪᱚᱭᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱨᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱛᱮᱫᱚ ᱯᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱟ.ᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱫᱟ.ᱭᱠᱟ. ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱮᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱭ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜ-ᱟ -------------

“ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱤᱛᱩᱱ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ”

ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟ.ᱭᱟ.ᱛ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ , ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱛᱩᱱ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟ.ᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ᱾ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱠᱟ.ᱢᱤ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱥᱟ.ᱛ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱟ.ᱭᱟᱛ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱮᱱᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ(PAST TENSE) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟ.ᱭᱟ.ᱛ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ 

“ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱤᱛᱩᱱ ᱟᱥᱲᱟᱭ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ”

ᱪᱯᱩᱥᱴᱟ.ᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱛᱩᱱ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱢᱮᱱ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟ.ᱭᱟ.ᱛ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟ.ᱢᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱫᱟᱨᱥᱟᱣ-ᱟ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱟ.ᱭᱟ.ᱛ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱟ.ᱝ ᱱᱟᱝ(PRESENT TENSE) ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟ.ᱭᱟ.ᱛ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱫ 

“ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱤᱛᱩᱱ ᱟᱥᱲᱟᱭ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱞᱟ.ᱜᱤᱫ”

ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱟ.ᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱤᱛᱩᱱ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱞᱟ.ᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱣᱨᱤᱭ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱠᱟ.ᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱳᱭᱳᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱦᱳᱭᱳᱜ ᱞᱟ.ᱜᱤᱫ᱾ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱟ.ᱭᱟ.ᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟ.ᱢᱤ ᱦᱳᱭᱳᱜ ᱞᱟ.ᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟ.ᱭᱟ.ᱛ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱤᱱᱟ.ᱝ ᱱᱟᱝ (FUTURE TENSE) ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟ.ᱭᱟ.ᱛ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾

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