ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ
(Santali Script and Language)
Santali is an Austroasiatic language spoken primarily by the Santal people, one of the largest tribal communities in India, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Bhutan."
»Language Family: Santali belongs to the Austroasiatic language family, which is one of the major language families in Asia. It is specifically classified under the Munda branch of Austroasiatic languages.
2»Script : Traditionally, Santali was written in the Ol Chiki script, which was developed in the late 1920s by Pandit Raghunath Murmu, a Santali scholar. However, due to low literacy rates in Ol Chiki, the use of the script has been somewhat limited, and today, the language is also written in the Latin script in official and educational contexts.
3»Phonetics : Santali has a relatively simple phonetic inventory, consisting of vowel sounds (both oral and nasal) and a limited set of consonants. It is not tonal, meaning that the pitch or tone of a word does not affect its meaning.
4»Noun Classifiers : Like many other languages in the Austroasiatic family, Santali uses noun classifiers to categorize nouns based on their shape, size, or use. These classifiers are an integral part of the language’s grammar and are used when counting or describing nouns.
5»Verb Structure : Santali verbs typically contain a root or stem, to which various affixes and suffixes are added to indicate tense, aspect, mood, and other grammatical features. Verbs are conjugated based on person, number, and gender of the subject.
6»Pronouns : Santali pronouns show distinction in gender and number, and they also have forms for inclusive and exclusive “we.”
7»Postpositions : Unlike English, which uses prepositions, Santali employs postpositions, which are words that come after the noun or pronoun they modify.
»Santali script, also known as the Ol Chiki script which created by Pandit Raghunath Murmu in the early 20th century(1925). It is an abugida writing system used to write the Santali language, which is spoken by the Santal people primarily in India, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Bhutan. Here are some characteristics of the Santali script:
»»Abugida system: Santali script is an alpha syllabary or abugida, where each character represents a consonant with an inherent vowel sound /a/. To represent other vowel sounds, diacritic marks are used with the consonant characters.
»»Writing Direction: Santali script is written from left to right. It follows a horizontal orientation.
»»Simple and geometric: The characters in the script are relatively simple and have a geometric appearance. They are primarily constructed using straight lines and curves.
»»Vowel diacritics: The script uses diacritics to represent vowel sounds. The inherent vowel /a/ can be modified to represent other vowels such as /i/, /u/, /e/, /o/, etc., by adding specific diacritic marks.
8»No distinct vowel characters: Unlike some other scripts, Santali doesn’t have separate characters for individual vowels. Vowels are combined with consonant characters using diacritics.
ᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ-ᱟ (What
is script)?
ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱟᱵ ᱥᱮ
ᱟ.ᱭᱠᱟᱣ ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱞᱮᱭ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱜ, ᱞᱩᱛᱩᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱟᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱜ, ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱜᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟ. ᱠᱚᱛᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ
ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱫ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱜ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱱᱛᱷᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱟᱨ
ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱜᱟᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟ. ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱚᱱᱟᱜᱮ ᱟᱠᱠᱷᱚᱨ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ
ᱜᱩᱨᱩ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ “ᱚᱞ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ”᱾
ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱠᱠᱷᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ
ᱛᱚᱸᱜᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱜ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱵᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ-ᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱠᱚ ᱟᱛᱮᱜ ᱟ.ᱭᱟ.ᱛ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱼ ᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ
ᱟ.ᱭᱟ.ᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱟᱵ ᱥᱮ
ᱟ.ᱠᱟ.ᱣ-ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱮᱭ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱜ ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱟᱵᱟᱱ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱜ
ᱟᱨ ᱞᱩᱛᱩᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱟᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱜ ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱩ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱜ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱟ.ᱨᱤ
ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱟ.ᱨᱤ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾
B. ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ
ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱨᱜᱟ.ᱱ (Characteristic Of Santali Script)
ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ , ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩᱜᱟᱱ ᱩᱨᱜᱟ.ᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ-----------
I.
ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ
ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱚᱞᱚᱜᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾
II.
ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱦᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱟᱵ
ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱣ ᱞᱟ.ᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟ. ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱣᱦᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼ ᱟ᱾ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ------ᱴᱷᱟᱠᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱞᱟ.ᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱳᱢᱟ
ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟ”,” ᱢᱩᱪᱟ.ᱫ ᱞᱟ.ᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱪᱟ.ᱫ
ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟ”᱾” ᱮᱢᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ᱾
III.
ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱥᱮ
ᱴᱩᱰᱟ.ᱜ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱣᱦᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾
IV.
ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱴᱟᱱᱟ ᱦᱟᱛᱮᱨ ᱟᱠᱠᱷᱚᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ, ᱚᱱᱟ
ᱟᱠᱷᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟ.ᱫ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟ.ᱜᱛᱤ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾
V.
ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱟ.ᱛᱤᱨ ᱛᱮ
ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱟ.ᱨᱩ ᱯᱷᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ-ᱟ᱾
VI. ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱣᱦᱟᱨ ᱟ.ᱰᱤ ᱡᱟ.ᱥᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ
C. ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ
ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ (What is language)?
ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱵᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ,ᱢᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱜ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱣ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱱᱛᱷᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱮᱭ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱩᱛᱩᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱟᱰᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱟᱵ ᱥᱮ ᱟ.ᱭᱠᱟ.ᱣ-ᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ
ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱭᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱨᱚ ᱥᱮ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾
D. ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ
ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱨᱜᱟ.ᱱ( Characteristic Of Santali Language)
ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ
ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟ.ᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱥ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ--------
I.
ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱣᱦᱟᱨ
ᱫᱚ ᱟ.ᱰᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱟ.ᱭᱟ.ᱛ ᱦᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾
II.
ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟ.ᱦᱞᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱥ ᱟᱱ
ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾
III.
ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱱ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ
ᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱟᱠ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾
IV.
ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱥ ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱥ
ᱟᱱ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱥ ᱛᱚᱸᱜᱮ
ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱜ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱥᱮ ᱟ.ᱭᱟ.ᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱱᱮᱞ-ᱮ ᱟ.ᱜᱩᱭᱟ᱾
V.
ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱥᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱡᱳᱜᱟᱛᱢᱚᱜᱽ
ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾
VI.
ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱮ ᱟᱨᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱚ
ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱟ.ᱨᱩᱜ-ᱟ᱾
Nothing