Definition
Of Folklore
W. J. Thomas first introduced the English term
‘FOLK-LORE’ in 1846. But generally speaking, Jacob Grimm did the scientific
discussion and practice of that subject. Different scholars have given
different versions of the origin of the folklore. Maxwell explains it as
natural fable. J. G. Fraser’s comparative study of primitive and popular
folktales is critical of this theory of interdependence and interpretation. Sir
L. Gom believes that folklore rests on historical background. Malinowski and
Radcliffe Brown consider folklore as a vital and essential part of culture. All
the scholars especially recognized the importance of this wonderful inheritance
of folklore in their terms.
All over the world, folktales were passed down from
generation to generation orally. If you summarise the folktales, they are usually some types of
stories that represents the fairies or ghosts or beasts. Often their
backgrounds are unrealistic and impossible. But the substances of this stories
carry a very rooted philosophical sights of life. It always ends with an often
emotional epilogue.
Santali
Folklore
Folklore and fables are the lifeblood of a culture,
carrying within them the accumulated wisdom, beliefs, and values of a
community. Santali folklore, originating from the Santal people of India,
stands as a vibrant testament to their rich cultural heritage and deep-rooted
traditions. These tales, passed down through generations, offer insights into
the worldview, ethos, and moral principles that have guided the Santal people
for centuries.
Santali folklore and fables are not merely stories; they are
vessels of cultural heritage and the distilled wisdom of generations. These
narratives illuminate the Santal people’s relationship with nature, their moral
compass, and their spiritual beliefs. As we move forward, it is essential to
recognize the significance of Santali folklore and fables, not only as a source
of entertainment but also as a testament to the resilience and wisdom of a
community deeply connected to its roots. Efforts to preserve, celebrate, and
share these tales ensure that the vibrant tapestry of Santali culture remains
woven into the fabric of human heritage.
Oral Tradition
Folklore
Santali folklore was predominantly transmitted through an
oral tradition. Elders and storytellers play a crucial role in preserving
and passing down these stories to younger generations. This method of
storytelling ensures not only the continuation of cultural traditions but also
fosters a strong sense of community and connection among the Santal people.
Written Folklore
As we know the written literature of Santali started from
the era of British rule in India. Although Santali folklore has faced many
challenges in the race of modernization and globalization, for it’s traditional methods of communication. Because
in starting phase Santali language doesn’t had any script for convert their
oral traditions. But when the British Missionaries started to publish articles
about their cultural and traditional folklores and others literary related
aspects. Then Santali peoples are also
started construct their literature with their own way. Therefore in 19th
century when Pandit Raghunath Murmu invented “Ol Chiki” the script of Santali
language, efforts of Santali literature
contractors takes the shape as Santali written literature. Along with that the
oral tradition folktales and fables were get documentation and digitize these
tales, Additionally, contemporary adaptations of Santali folklore, such as
books, theatre, and digital media, help to keep their oral traditions alive and
ensured their accessibility to future generations.
Rev. P.O. Boding diligently and enthusiastically collected
folktales circulating among the Santals and three volumes of folktales were
published in 1925-29 AD as ‘Santal Folktales’ from the University of Oslo. In the Santal public life, mainly various
types of fables or folktales are passed on from the grandparents to their
grandchildren.
Themes of
Santali Folklore
Santali folktales encompass a wide range of themes, from
creation myths to moral stories. Many of these tales revolve around the
interactions between humans, animals, and spirits, reflecting the Santal
people’s belief in a spiritual realm coexisting with the natural world. These
stories often convey moral lessons, teaching virtues such as kindness, honesty,
and respect for nature.
Naturally, a large part of Santali oral literature consists
of folk tales. They have not been lost in transformation through various
changes in the male line. Santal society has retained them as far as possible
intact. Starting from the cosmology of the world, gods and goddesses, the first
human beings, rivers and streams, hills and mountains, moon and sun, eclipses,
lunar eclipses, solar eclipses, animals, birds and even daily necessities, some
stories of Santals have been developed. As their ideologies are different, they
are also bright in their own characteristics. The literary value of stories is
infinite. Above all, stories contain a powerful expression of their creative
power. All these stories have one more feature, the earliest evidence of Santal
beliefs. “All-living” or “animism” and magic are all definite figures. This is
why Santali oral literature is so rich, so interesting. Santali folklore can be
divided into three genres.
Santal Social
Life Folklore
One of the prominent genres of Santali folktales is the
collection of ancestral narratives that trace the lineage of the community and
its origins. These tales often recount the exploits of legendary ancestors,
their encounters with deities or spirits, and their contributions to the
cultural landscape. Such narratives not only celebrate the roots of the Santali
people but also emphasize the significance of ancestral wisdom in shaping their
identity.
Animals
Folklore
Animal fables are a prominent genre within Santali folklore.
These stories anthropomorphize animals, giving them human qualities and
characteristics. Through these tales, the Santal people communicate complex
moral messages in a relatable and engaging manner. For instance, a fable might
use the actions of clever animals to illustrate the consequences of greed or
the rewards of cooperation.
Fairy Tales
A fairy tale, is a type of traditional narrative that
typically involves magical elements, fantastical creatures, and enchanting
settings. Fairy tale stories often centre around themes of heroism, adventure,
morality, and the triumph of good over evil. These tales have been passed down
through generations orally or in written form and are characterized by their
imaginative and often whimsical nature.
Last Words
Santali folklore is a captivating mosaic that captures the essence
of the Santal people’s lived experiences, beliefs, and aspirations. It weaves
together myths, music, dance, rituals, and moral tales to create a vibrant
tapestry that reflects the rich cultural heritage of this indigenous community.
As the Santal people continue to navigate the currents of change, their
folklore remains a guiding light, ensuring that their ancestral wisdom and
identity remain firmly rooted in the hearts and minds of both the present and
future generations.
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