Learn the basics of
linguistics
[ Scroll down to read Santali ]
The term “linguistics” refers
to the scientific study of language and its structure, including its sounds (Phonology),
word formation (Morphology), sentence structure (Syntax), meaning (Semantics),
and writing styles (Lexicography). Linguists analyse how languages are
structured, how they function, and how they evolve over time. They investigate
the similarities and differences between languages, seeking to understand the
underlying principles that govern human language and communication.
Linguistics is a diverse field
with various subfields, such as sociolinguistics (which studies the
relationship between language and society), psycholinguistics (examining how
language is processed and acquired in the mind), historical linguistics
(tracing language changes over time), and computational linguistics (using
computers to model and analyse language).
Linguistics help us to understand language education, translation, speech
pathology, natural language processing and understanding the cognitive
processes involved in language use and understanding. In this article I write downed
the former kinds of Linguistic- Phonology, Morphology, Semantics, Syntax and
Lexicography.
Phonology
Phonology is a subfield of linguistics.
Which is study the speech sounds within a particular language or across
languages. It focuses on the systematic organization and patterns of sounds
used to convey meaning in human languages. Phonology examines how sounds are
produced, perceived, and categorized by speakers of a language.
Phonology helps to understanding
how sounds are organized in languages and how they contribute to the structure and
meaning of words. It is an essential component of linguistic analysis and is
used in various fields, including language teaching, speech pathology, and
language documentation.
Morphology
Morphology is another subfield of
linguistics. Which is study the words and their internal structure of any
language. It focuses on the formation, structure, and relationships between
morphemes, which are the smallest meaningful units in a language. Morphemes are
the building blocks of words and can be either a single word or a part of a
word .
Morphology helps to understanding
how words are formed, how their meanings can be modified, and how they interact
in sentences to convey meaning. It plays a significant role in language
acquisition, language analysis, and language typology, helping linguists study
the rich diversity and structure of words across different languages.
Semantics
In which field the linguistic
study the meaning of sentences of any language, that’s called semantics. It
focuses on understanding how words, phrases, sentences, and texts convey
meaning and how different aspects of meaning are structured and interpreted.
Semantics helps to communication
and language comprehension. It also helps us to interpret the meaning of what
others say or write and enables us to express our own thoughts and ideas
clearly. Semantics is also essential in fields such as natural language processing.
Syntax
Syntax is another important field
of linguistics. It’s study the
structure and arrangement of words to form well-formed sentences in a language.
It deals with the rules and principles governing how words are combined to
create phrases, clauses, and sentences, and how the order of words affects
meaning.
Syntax helps us to understand how
sentences are constructed in a language and how their structure contributes to
conveying meaning. It also plays a crucial role in language processing,
including natural language understanding by us.
Lexicography
You can portray as the art form of
linguistics is Lexicography. Because Lexicography study the practice of
compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries. It is a specialized field within
linguistics that focuses on the study and creation of dictionaries, which are
reference works that provide information about the words and phrases used in a
language.
Lexicography plays a important
role in preserving and documenting language, aiding language learners,
facilitating communication, and providing valuable linguistic resources for
writers, researchers, and language users.
ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ [ Only for santali readers ]
ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ
ᱚᱱᱟ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟ. ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ. ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ
ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱱᱟ᱾ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱰᱮ ( ᱥᱟᱰᱮ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ)
ᱨᱩᱯ ( ᱨᱩᱯ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ) ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱫ ( ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱫ
ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ) ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ (Syntax) ᱟᱨ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱢᱩᱨᱟ.ᱭ (Lexicography) ᱠᱚᱠᱚ ᱛᱩᱢᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱟᱝ
ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱟ.ᱭᱟ.ᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱫ ᱟ.ᱨᱩᱜ-ᱟ, ᱚᱠᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱰᱮ
ᱟ.ᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱠᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱱᱟ.ᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ
ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱪᱟᱱᱟᱪ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ
ᱜᱮ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱵᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾
ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱟ.ᱰᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱷᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ
ᱦᱟ.ᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱛᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟ.ᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ
ᱵᱚᱨᱚᱱᱚᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱩᱭᱦᱟ.ᱨ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱢᱟ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ
ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱩᱱᱟ.ᱜ ᱜᱮ ᱜᱟ.ᱦᱤᱨ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾
ᱥᱟᱰᱮ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ [ Phonology ]
ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ,
ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱠᱚ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱰᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱰᱮ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱟ.ᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ
ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱮᱣᱦᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱛᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱜᱮ
ᱥᱟᱰᱮ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾
ᱥᱟᱰᱮ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱵᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱟᱝ
ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱰᱮ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱰᱮ ᱟ.ᱨᱩ ᱯᱷᱮᱨᱟᱧ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ
ᱠᱚᱵᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱠᱚ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱞᱟ.ᱜᱤᱫ
ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱭ ᱮᱢᱦᱟ ᱟᱵᱚᱱᱟ᱾
ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ [ Morphology
]
ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ,
ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟ.ᱭᱟ.ᱛ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱚᱠᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ
ᱚᱱᱟ ᱟᱨᱩᱜ-ᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱟᱤ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱫᱚᱠᱚ
ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾
ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ
ᱟᱵᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟ.ᱭᱟ.ᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱠᱚ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱪᱮᱫ
ᱚᱡᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱟ.ᱛᱤᱨ ᱟᱨᱩ ᱯᱷᱮᱨᱟᱣᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ
ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱮᱲᱟᱭ ᱞᱟ.ᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱭ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱵᱚᱱᱟ᱾
ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱫ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ [ Semantics ]
ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱪᱟᱱᱟᱪ
ᱨᱮᱫᱚ, ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ. ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱟᱨ ᱟ.ᱭᱟ.ᱛ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ
ᱞᱟ.ᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱱᱟ᱾ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ
ᱟ.ᱭᱟ.ᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱟ.ᱨᱩ ᱯᱷᱮᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱱᱟ ᱾
ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱫ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟ.ᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ
ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱵᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟ.ᱠᱤᱞ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟ
ᱠᱷᱟ.ᱛᱤᱨ ᱟᱵᱚ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱵᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱵᱩᱡᱽ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾
ᱨᱩᱯ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ [ Syntax ]
ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱦᱤᱥ
ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ. ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟ.ᱭᱟ.ᱛ
ᱠᱚ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱫᱟ ᱠᱚᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ
ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟ.ᱭᱟ.ᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱫᱟ,
ᱨᱟᱥᱟ, ᱠᱚ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ-ᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾
ᱨᱩᱯ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱟᱵᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱟᱝ
ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱢᱚᱡᱽ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱟ.ᱭᱟᱠᱟ.ᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ
ᱜᱮ ᱟᱵᱚ ᱟ.ᱭᱟ.ᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱨᱟᱥᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱫᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟ.ᱜᱟ.ᱭ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭ
ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾
ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱢᱩᱨᱟ.ᱭ [ Lexicography ]
ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱢᱩᱨᱟ.ᱭ ᱦᱤᱥ
ᱫᱚ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱱᱟ.ᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱛᱱᱟ.ᱣ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ
ᱦᱩᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱤᱱᱟ.ᱜ ᱦᱟ.ᱴᱤᱧ
ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱪᱮᱫ
ᱯᱟ.ᱦᱤᱞ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ.
ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱡᱮ ᱠᱚᱦᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱟᱯᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣᱼᱟ᱾
ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱢᱩᱨᱟ.ᱭ ᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱱ
ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱬ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟ. ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟ. ᱠᱚᱦᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ
ᱴᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱸᱪ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱭ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱼᱟ᱾
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